Creative Accounting

Creative Accounting

Accounting practices that follow required laws and regulations, but deviate from what those standards intend to accomplish. Creative accounting capitalizes on loopholes in the accounting standards to falsely portray a better image of the company. Although creative accounting practices are legal, the loopholes they exploit are often reformed to prevent such behaviors.

A primary benefit of public accounting statements is that they allow investors to compare the financial health of competing companies. However, when firms indulge in creative accounting they often distort the value of the information that their financials provide. Creative accounting can be used to manage earnings and to keep debt off the balance sheet.

Creative accounting and earnings management are euphemisms referring to accounting practices that may follow the letter of the rules of standard accounting practices, but certainly deviate from the spirit of those rules. They are characterized by excessive complication and the use of novel ways of characterizing income, assets, or liabilities and the intent to influence readers towards the interpretations desired by the authors. The terms "innovative" or "aggressive" are also sometimes used.
The term as generally understood refers to systematic misrepresentation of the true income and assets of corporations or other organizations. "Creative accounting" is at the root of a number of accounting scandals, and many proposals for accounting reform – usually centering on an updated analysis of capital and factors of production that would correctly reflect how value is added.
Newspaper and television journalists have hypothesized that the stock market downturn of 2002 was precipitated by reports of accounting irregularities at Enron, Worldcom, and other firms in the United States.
One commonly accepted incentive for the systemic over-reporting of corporate income which came to light in 2002 was the granting of stock options as part of executive compensation packages. Since stock prices reflect earning reports, stock options could be most profitably exercised when income is exaggerated, and the stock can be sold at an inflated profit

 Characteristics of the creative accounting concept

Although today there is enough material on this issue, in accounting practices this

phenomenon appears very often and it surprises me how far are some owners able and willing

to go due vision of money2.

If there were the perfect environment, the perfectly unblemished people or even better no

"creative" entrepreneurs, there might operate only two types of accounting - management and

financial one. Management accounting at its core deals with the cost structure dividing cost in

terms of species and or purpose, calculations, the activities of individual departments and thus

can generalize its internal usage based on internal accounting.

In contrast financial accounting represents the company externally, provides the information

to external stakeholders. In describing the basic elements of accounting is clear that

somewhere in between creative accounting just being born. Accounting is a language and

could be easily read by those who understands it. The necessary economic information could

be easily found but also when the rules are used “the right way” they could be unprecedented.

Creativity in the accounting therefore comes at a time when the true background, figures and

results should reach the public. This transforms the actual financial statements to those which

the owners would like to achieve as positive and favourable results of the company. At this

moment there start internal processes in which the owners choose the way they will follow.

For such a decision the experts on accounting and tax issues (auditors or tax advisors) are

usually present.3Even though they have thousands of compelling arguments why not to use

creativity in accounting in the most cases do nothing else than to retreat from their view

although is supported by arguments based on the accuracy of the law. It is the shareholders

and directors who are responsible for the accuracy of accounts. The paradox however remains

the fact that the experts must to find out the accounting and tax levers to fix situation when

the enterprise gets into trouble trough its creativity

The reasons of creative accounting

The reasons for creative accounting could be several. To defend the owners of companies the

creativity by itself can sometimes come from the very person who maintains the accounts and

this is time to question whether that creativity is deliberate or caused by lack of financial

knowledge. At this point necessary steps have to be taken by the owners.

Such a questions, however, does not have to be ask when the owners of creative accounting

are also the owners of enterprise. There is always a conscious thing. Most of the owners are

warned in advance of the possible dangers and risks that result from their decisions.4

Another element that comes into contact with the financial statements is management. If it is a

large company managers are usually valuated according to company earnings. We should

imagine enterprise which owners are also part of management and therefore there is no

separation and all decisions do not go through the management, but directly from

shareholders. Then we can analyze the reasons for creative accounting.

always "only" two reasons; the overestimation or underestimation of the individual

components of financial statements and it corresponds accordingly to what is needed to get. If

the company (not the new established company) needs to gain a greater amount of the loan, it

is clear that they must have their assets in the desired positive values. In the specific example

below shows what all such an artificial overestimation can cause. The same procedure should

be used by even a moment the company needs to attract investors. Converse steps will be

proceeding with applying for grants or tax optimization of course.

Whatever the reason is the creative accounting will always be reflected in financial indicators

and ultimately the of company solvency, because not everything that looks like profit is

really a profit. The truth is that even at the moment of artificial overestimation of financial

ratios the company could fall into insolvency, bankruptcy, insolvency, etc. That is the essence

of the creative accounting that eventually affects everything and the situation grow to the

stage where is difficult to save anything

Advantages and disadvantages

Although the present text refers rather to the disadvantage of creative accounting and

identifies with not to use it, I'd like to add also the knowledge from my accounting practices

that there are not always so catastrophic scenarios. There are situations where creative

accounting and its impact are not let to go too far and are used in the short term and rather

make the "gear" stone than some kind of permanent condition.

Yes, there are also company owners who fully recognize the risks and impacts of fictional

accounts, so they use creativity sparingly and then rearranged the facts so that their financial

statements comply with its primary mission and the faithfully reflects the economic reality of

company at the end.5

4. How to avoid creative accounting

Large restriction on creative accounting could be seen at so-called harmonization of financial

reporting and by application of mandatory IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)

IAS, which are international guidelines for accounting and also preparation and presentation

of financial statements published by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB

International Accounting Standards Board)

Capital reduction

Capital reduction

A reduction of capital is a capital re-organisation that has the effect of allowing the return to shareholders of capital would otherwise not be distributable. A reduction of capital is used to increase distributable reserves to make dividend payments possible, or to make a large return of capital more efficient.

There are a number of possible mechanisms, including:

• a share buy back,
• the conversion of share capital and non-distributable reserves into debt capital
• the conversion of non-distributable reserves into distributable reserves.

One common scenario where a reduction of capital is useful is a company that has large accumulated losses but has returned to profitability and wishes to pay dividends. If large losses have been made in the past, it may take many years before balance sheet retained earnings turns positive again. However, if a business has genuinely returned to profitability and is likely to remain solvent, there is no real reason why it should not be able to pay some of those profits to shareholders.

The solution is to convert non-distributable reserves into distributable reserves.

Another common scenario is a company that simply no longer needs as much capital as it did — for example, because it has arranged a sale and leaseback that has taken a lot of assets off its balance sheet, or because it has sold a business.

One easy solution would be the conversion of non-distributable reserves to distributable, followed by the payment of a special dividend, This, however, would mean that many shareholders would be unable to avoid paying income tax on the special dividend. One alternative (that has been used by large UK listed companies), is to convert share capital into debt. Existing shares are cancelled and replaced with new shares (fewer, or with a lower par value) and bonds, the latter typically redeemable at the option of the holder. This allows shareholders to take the return of capital as a capital gain, and time it to their advantage.

Mechanisms such as this vary with the shareholder base (i.e. what sort of tax effects the majority of shareholders want). They will also evolve over time as tax rules change.

Share buy-backs are often not a real reduction in capital at all. Most companies that buy-back shares tend to buy small quantities every year, so their economic effect is to return current profits to shareholders

Ecommerce

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ecommerce

Look Beyond the Hype: Analyze the Advantages and Disadvantages of Ecommerce

I have already written articles about the advantages of ecommerce and its disadvantages. But those were focused on the primary pros and cons of ecommerce. There is a need for a more exhaustive list.

Given below is a large list of advantages and disadvantages of ecommerce. This list will help you look beyond the hype and develop your own perspective of the true value of ecommerce: to businesses and to consumers. Interestingly there are many advantages for consumers that might actually be a disadvantage for ecommerce businesses.

1. Pro: No Standing in Queues or Being Placed on Hold Forever

For customers, this is one of the most popular conveniences of ecommerce.

2. Con: Lack of Personal Touch

I miss the personal touch and relationship that develops with a retail store. In comparison, ecommerce is far more sterile.

3. Pro and Con: Easier to Compare Prices

There are several shopping search engines and comparison shopping websites that help consumers locate the best prices. While buyers love this, sellers find it too restrictive as many of them get filtered out of the consumer's consideration set.

4. Pro: Access to Stores Located Remotely

Especially for people who are not situated in major urban centers, this can be a big advantage. Likewise ecommerce opens new markets for ecommerce businesses.

5. Con: Inability to Experience the Product Before Purchase

There are many products that consumers want to touch, feel, hear, taste and smell before they buy. Ecommerce takes away that luxury.

6. Pro: No Need for a Physical Store

Since there is no need for a physical store, ecommerce businesses save on one of the biggest cost overheads that retailers have to bear.

7. Con: Need for an Internet Access Device

Ecommerce can only be transacted with the help of an Internet access device such as a computer or a smartphone.

8. Con: Need for an Internet Connection

Not just does one need an access device, one also needs Internet connectivity to participate in ecommerce.

9. Pro and Con: Common Availability of Coupons and Deals

Though there is nothing about ecommerce that makes it intrinsically oriented to discounts, the way online business has evolved has led to lowered prices online. This is an advantage for the buyer, but a disadvantage for the seller.

10. Pro: Lots of Choices

Since there are no shelf size or store size limitations, ecommerce businesses are able to list many different items.

12. Con: Credit Card Fraud

Consumers and businesses alike suffer from credit card fraud. Some doomsayers go so far as to predict that fraud will lead to the demise of online business.

13. Con: Security Issues

Consumers run the risk of identity fraud and other hazards as their personal details are captured by ecommerce businesses. Businesses run the risk of phishing attacks and other forms of security fraud.

14. Pro: Ability to Buy and Sell to Other Consumers

Auction sites and listing sites allow individuals to buy and sell from each other. This opens a whole new paradigm of ecommerce. The most famous enabler of consumer to consumer (C2C) ecommerce is eBay.com.

15. Pro: Instantaneous Purchase of Digital Goods

No longer does one need to go and buy a CD of one's favorite music. Within a few minutes, one can download digital products, such as music, and start using them immediately.

16. Pro: Ability to Have Vendors Bid for Your Business

Online business has opened new vistas for consumers. It is now possible to list your requirements online, and have suppliers bid for your business.

17. Con: Delay in Receiving Goods

If shopping is about instant gratification, then consumers are left empty-handed for some time after making a purchase on an ecommerce website.

18. Con: Inability to Identify Scams

Consumers are often taken in by fly-by-night ecommerce websites that look good, but are up to no good. Scam artists often accept orders and then disappear.